Two essay question Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two essay question - Research Paper Example Considering the above artwork of Picasso of a standing before a mirror, it shows the actual condition of the girl and the pretending sense of the girl. On the face of the girl, two different features are frontal image and side profile that have different implications on real time. One side of the girl shows the daytime when the girl has make-ups on her and the other half of the face indicate the nighttime when the girl has no make-ups on her. The girl has no self-esteem without the make-up and therefore, she needs to add something different from her actual nature. However, when the girl looks herself on the mirror, she feels that she is old and therefore the need to make her appearance young. The picture of the girl does not depict a particular girl but targets not only girls but also opposite gender as well. It only tries to show challenges that individuals face but try to cover the problem by impressing other people in the society. The fact that the art is not real it tells the truth about the actual happenings in the society. Therefore, taking the writing of Picasso, art is the lie that tells the truth, there is a direct relationship between the art of the girl and the meaning that Picasso implies. Art is a provocative medium, and the challenge in analyzing art may often be to evaluate and define the artists techniques and choices, which, according to the viewer intellect and perception, arouse interest and convey meaning. This involves translating the visual, into a language. In order to do this, one will have to be attentive to the aspects of the work which means that description will include a large portion of the analysis. Formal analysis involves the formal parts (e.g., symmetry, framing etc.) of a work of art and their correspondence to create new and exciting ways of evaluating and understanding the work in as a whole. It is through this criterion that the

Auditors Third Party Liability Essay Example for Free

Auditors Third Party Liability Essay On 1979 the court established the principle of third party liability as foreseen’ in Federal Supreme Court (sixth civil senate) 1 regarding the case of a German branch of a bank provided wrong information to its potential investors and because of that one of the potential investors suffered a big loss and later sued the bank. But in November 1983 in Federal Supreme Court (fourth civil senate)2, death negligence in reporting in a case where buyer of a properly sued the valuer because of the wrong valuation. Court stated that if third party is under protected effect then there are some general principles on professional third-party liability for negligent misstatements under contract towards third parties. In the first case (1979) The Federal Supreme Court stated that the bank knew that the information which was provided would have been showed to potential investors In the case court maintained that the person, to whom the bank provided the relevant information could be identified and are part of a calculable group. And in the second case (1983) court says, there is no need for the professional to know either who the third parties are. The professional’s negligent performance must have determined the plaintiff’s decision which eventually led him to suffer a loss. Court found out that because of the lack of knowledge both buyer and dealer needed the expert opinion of the valuer was needed. Court widened the scope of the liability and liability of auditor to third party moved from Foreseen to reasonable foreseeability. After that case Federal Court continued this broader scope of liability in both cases in Federal Supreme Court (third civil senate) 10 November 19943 Federal Supreme Court (third civil senate) 2 April 19984 On 2001 in its most recent case, the Federal Court of Justice handed down a new decision regarding the liability of experts towards third parties (Reg. No. X ZR 231/99). The Court rejected the plaintiffs claims, holding that the contract concluded between the commissioning banking authority and the expert did not extend to the plaintiff. So, the plaintiff was not, covered by the contract drawn up between the commissioning authority and the auditor. The court reject the information contract between the expert and the third party a stated that without a direct contract no liability is considered to have arisen. The court then changed the scope of liability form reasonably foreseeable to Privity or Near Privity in between.

Views on Poetry and Other Art Forms in Emersons The Poet :: Emerson Poet Essays

Views on Poetry and Other Art Forms in Emerson's The Poet Emerson's "The Poet: An Essay," is packed with statements, and ideas that contradict each other in many ways. His use of lofty language and ego driven ideals are built to confuse the average reader and are clearly not meant for the purpose of entertainment. As a reader, I found the text to be confusing and unfounded in its theories about man's connection with nature. Firstly, Emerson starts right off by throwing a wrench in his own works. His description of admirers of fine art and sculpture is nothing more than a generalization. One cannot make such sweeping statements about a group of people. There are always exceptions to the rule. I am sure that many admirers of fine art know a lot about the subject and have very good reasons for liking what they do. Not only does Emerson slam the artistic elite, but his whole essay is an embodiment of the ideals he is trying to dispel in these first few sentences. Emerson treats poetry in the exact same manner in which he scoffs at in the beginning of the essay. The author feels that The "true poet" is our closest connection with nature. I am very sure that there are people who admire paintings of a fine nature scene, and they surely feel that it is our closest connection with nature. Words are not the only way to express oneself in a connecting way with nature. This brings me to another sweeping generalization that Emerson makes in the body of this essay. He actually makes the statement that words to a song are not poetry in a sense. Being a musician, I strongly disagree with such a statement. Song lyrics can be just as touching as any other type of poetry. In fact, this type of poetry has another added bonus besides the words. This is called music! Music itself can even stand alone in painting a very vibrant picture of nature with no words at all. This is more of an accomplishment, because the author is not allowed to use words in his sound painting. Music that describes nature without the use of language is still using symbolism to convey the connection between man and nature. The difference is that a violin might symbolize the wind instead of a bunch of words.

Violence: The Art Of Destruction Essay -- essays research papers fc

In today’s day and age, violence almost seems like a way of life. Aggression is the way to solve a problem, and the only way to make someone listen is to yell louder than them. Today is a day when it is alright to show a cold blooded murder on television or in a film. People enjoy seeing cartoon characters (namely Japanamation) kill each other and have graphic sex. Violence is everywhere and is almost impossible to escape and even more difficult to keep out of your life. However, in these times we must learn to live as part of society, and make meaningful contributions rather than just adding to the same heap of hate and aggression that animals are prone to and people should be above that stage in their life. People need to use reason to think out things before they say them and think even harder before they do some thing. Too many people do things in the heat of the moment. They hit their wives and children, shoot their classmates, give the finger to a car as it drives by, m indlessly watch murder and destruction on TV and in the theatres, and say things that they don’t mean in the passion of the altercation. These behaviors are destructive and bring about even more hate and nothing ever gets accomplished. War never came without a price. Far too many men were killed who never got to see their families again, and we are still so caught up in ourselves that we don’t see the suffering of the people around us. We get mad and angry and lash out with violence and hate because it’s all we know. Although we were taught from the dawn of our existence that violence isn’t the way to go, that doesn’t make it the less natural way to go. It is so much more natural to just punch the loser who hurt your feelings instead of turning the other cheek and walking away and being the bigger person. Being the bigger person is always harder, because it means maintaining dignity and pride even though you didn’t fight back which is what s ociety has come to expect from us. School Violence What seems to frighten me most lately is school violence. I am almost afraid to come into school because some kid my get the wrong idea and do something that they’ll regret. I feel that the school should be a safe place where one feels that they are safe and secure and not where they feel that their hall ways could become a battle ground any moment. These recent school shootings have also left me a... ..., it’s only a matter of time before that person will stand up for themselves in the only way that they know how to protect themselves, and that is with a gun. Stopping The Violence As one can see, there are many different kinds of violence. So what does one do about it? This is simple. Just live and create. If you see destruction, create over it. If you see violence and hatred, mend it and manipulate it into love. Where there is barrenness, make something grow. Especially, where there is love, embrace it. Share it with as many people as you can. Violence can only persist if we let it. Lets have one more World War, the War against violence and hatred. Instead of bombs we can use smiles and instead of guns we can use acceptance. The earth will be a battleground for God and the emblem on my shield will be Jesus. He started the battle, now lets finish the war. Works Cited The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness – Erich Fromm Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis – Albert Bandura Breaking the Cycle of Violence – Richard J. Hazler, Ph.D. Violence in America – Stephen Goode Reason and Violence - Sherman M. Stanage Bully/Victim Conflict: An Overview for Educators – Beverly B. Title, Ph.D.

Callicles Gorgias

Rebecca L. Hunt Stickiest Point #1 1. THE CLAIM: â€Å"The man who’ll live correctly ought to allow his own appetites to get as large as possible and not restrain them. † –Callicles, Gorgias 491e-492a. 2. CALLICLES’ ARGUMENT: Callicles claims that one should fill his appetite as much as possible. Socrates’ view on a happy life requires self mastery which means that your appetites and emotions are controlled and you mind manifests order. Also, Socrates’ ideal happy person would not do what is morally wrong.Callicles argues that if you live a life like Socrates wants, you are living like a corpse or a stone. Callicles believes that â€Å"living pleasantly consists in this: having as much as possible flow in† (494b). To truly be happy, one needs to be constantly filling his appetite to the maximum capacity. This is not possible for many. The people who cannot fulfill their appetites are apparently embarrassed and â€Å"their own lack of courage leads them to praise self-control and justice† (492b).According to Callicles, the rules created by the weak â€Å"enslave† the more naturally gifted men. For the ones born into power, Callicles believes that they should defiantly feel shameful that they let the talk of the people and the laws that rule them stop him from filling his appetite. 3. CRITICISM: Callicles is wrong to think that one should fill his appetite constantly and to the fullest. This may seem like a pleasant life but it is defiantly not a fulfilling one.You need more goals and ambitions that are not just centered on what you want. . One could argue that everybody does not have appetites that are bad and selfish, but Callicles is defiantly referring to the self-indulgent ones. Callicles theory is similar to Darwin’s â€Å"survival of the fittest†. Both believe that the strongest creatures will rule and take over the weaker ones Callicles is also wrong in saying that the strong sho uld do whatever they feel and the weak need to quit holding them back with rules.He believes that the â€Å"weak† create these rules because they are jealous and embarrassed at their own incompetence. It is not that the weak are jealous; they just want order in their cities. If the strong had the ability to do whatever they feel then many people would suffer. Why would a city want a majority of its citizens feel inferior to just a handful of, what I would call, bullies? This includes people born into power. Just because they are rulers does not give them the right to not have any kind of ethics or morals.They should actually do the opposite of what Callicles says and set an example for their people and lead good, self-disciplined lives. Smart people should have more of a right to rule the people, but only if they are trying to work for the greater good. They should not have ultimate power but I would rather a room full of smart, morally good men rule a city then selfish men c onstantly trying to always fulfill their own appetites.

Free Essays on President Ronald Wilson Reagan

President Ronald Wilson Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan was elected the 40th president of the United States on November 4, 1980, and was inaugurated on January 20, 1981. At the age of 69, he was the oldest man and first movie actor ever sworn into that office. President Reagan passed away Saturday June 5, 2004 at his home in Los Angeles. The former President was 93. To a nation hungry for a hero, a nation battered by Vietnam, damaged by Watergate and humiliated by Iran, Reagan held out the promise of a return to greatness, the promise that America would â€Å"stand tall† again. Mr. Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois and spent most of his childhood in Dixon, Illinois. He was the younger of two sons. Reagan was raised by his traveling shoe salesmen father John Reagan, and his mother Nelle. Reagan was strongly influenced by his mother, who taught him to read at an early age. After High School, Reagan won a scholarship to Eureka College in Peoria, Illinois. He majored in economics, became president of the student body, was captain of the swimming team, and played for the football team as well. The President became interested in acting, but after his graduation in 1932 the only job available that was related to show business was a local radio sportscaster. In 1936 he took the job as a sportscaster for WHO radio station in Des Moines, Iowa. Reagan moved to Hollywood in 1937 and began an acting career that would last about 25 years. He would appear in about 53 films, with an interlude (1942-45) in the U.S. Army. Some of his noted movies were â€Å"King’s Row† and â€Å"Bedtime for Bozo†. During his acting career, Reagan was elected as the president of the Screen Actors Guild (the union for film actors) six times. Reagan married actress Jane Wyman in 1940 and had two kids with her. They divorced eight years later in 1948. He then met Nancy Davis and would eventually marry her in 1952. Ronald and Na... Free Essays on President Ronald Wilson Reagan Free Essays on President Ronald Wilson Reagan President Ronald Wilson Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan was elected the 40th president of the United States on November 4, 1980, and was inaugurated on January 20, 1981. At the age of 69, he was the oldest man and first movie actor ever sworn into that office. President Reagan passed away Saturday June 5, 2004 at his home in Los Angeles. The former President was 93. To a nation hungry for a hero, a nation battered by Vietnam, damaged by Watergate and humiliated by Iran, Reagan held out the promise of a return to greatness, the promise that America would â€Å"stand tall† again. Mr. Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois and spent most of his childhood in Dixon, Illinois. He was the younger of two sons. Reagan was raised by his traveling shoe salesmen father John Reagan, and his mother Nelle. Reagan was strongly influenced by his mother, who taught him to read at an early age. After High School, Reagan won a scholarship to Eureka College in Peoria, Illinois. He majored in economics, became president of the student body, was captain of the swimming team, and played for the football team as well. The President became interested in acting, but after his graduation in 1932 the only job available that was related to show business was a local radio sportscaster. In 1936 he took the job as a sportscaster for WHO radio station in Des Moines, Iowa. Reagan moved to Hollywood in 1937 and began an acting career that would last about 25 years. He would appear in about 53 films, with an interlude (1942-45) in the U.S. Army. Some of his noted movies were â€Å"King’s Row† and â€Å"Bedtime for Bozo†. During his acting career, Reagan was elected as the president of the Screen Actors Guild (the union for film actors) six times. Reagan married actress Jane Wyman in 1940 and had two kids with her. They divorced eight years later in 1948. He then met Nancy Davis and would eventually marry her in 1952. Ronald and Na...

Employee Relation Essays

Employee Relation Essays Employee Relation Essay Employee Relation Essay Table of Contents Q. l) Use your understanding of employee relations to answer the following questions: (i) Critically examine the factors at play which determine the pay and conditions of London underground train drivers Top company executives Investment Bankers Introduction London tube drivers to strike on Boxing strike cause festive chaos(metro. co. uk) are Just few of the headlines that have spread over leading newspapers in the I-JK. Since the late 2008, when recession took over the I-JK economy, the people have been dealing with various adversities which have made life very difficult for workers working in various sectors. In a world where the national average wage in the I-JK is around 26,000 pounds, London tube drivers have agreed a 10,000 pounds increase in their salary which takes their overall pay scale to a whopping 52,300 a year from an already mountable sum of 314th of the UK population is envious with the fact that investment bankers get paid large sums of money in bonuses and other incentives. Barclays paid around 265,000 pounds bonuses which is astronomical amounts of remuneration compared to rest of the UK population. Then theres top executive on the other hand who claim their position is a very ritical one as theyre involved in significant decisions regarding the economy, have two factors such as pay and behavior should be controlled to establish a successful economic structure. Unitarist, Pluralist and Conflict Perspectives Organizational behavior can be assessed through various perspectives. Firstly, having to build cohesive unit with group members and maintaining a harmonious relationship within peers. Managers have the power and authority to control the activities and to foresee that all employees work towards the same goal for the organization (cipd. co. uk,n. d). In terms of tube drivers; they feel their pay rise is justified and all of the workers push towards achieving their goals. This explains the unitary approach shown by the London underground drivers concerning the pay increment. Pluralist approach looks to end the political warfare and management ownership. Ed rose,2008 p27-29). Freedom to express and establish their own values and norms, pluralist perspective believes in power in the society and allocating responsibility. This approach exists in our modern day society that helps us understand employee relation. Conflicting views believes in change in he social aspects through conflicts. For things to change, conflict is necessary to take things ahead. Class conflict is created through the inequality of economics sovereignty within the society. (P Lewis,M Sanders,A Thornhill,2003; pl 7-21). Dunlops Model of Industrial Relations Jim Dunlop in the year 1950 established three agents or actors which are located within an environment confined by various aspects such as technology, product markets, labor and distribution of power. this aspect have an effect on individual and the work surroundings (industrialrelations. naubribub. com, n. d). The guidelines and process is important in understanding the normality of the economy and to analyze the pay determination. There are various markets that operate in those sectors. Hence, it is also significant to understand the mechanism. An ideology is created through industrial relations. It also shares body of beliefs and ideas concerning the roles of the actors and the interrelation which helps bind the system together. Jim Dunlop argued that, the establishment of procedure and rules is the center of attention of an industrial relation system, the establishment and administration of hese rules is the major concern or output of the industrial relations subsystem of industrial society (Barbash, J, Barbash, K, 1989; pl 57) Train drivers are backed by very strong and efficient trade unions. They are responsible in helping them raise their wages. Tube drivers salaries are very high. If we assume to have tube driver wage is in an equilibrium stage, then in relation to the supply the demand for drivers should be high. But the fact is those drivers are not dictated by force but are relatively based on administrative decisions. CEOs have a very big task of running an organization. They have to make key decisions which equire many attributes and certain qualities. Because of the experience they possess and qualification they hold, there is a restriction as to the supply of CEOs in numbers. Hence, their salary increases. Gospel and 5) describes collective bargaining a process by which trade unions and similar association representing group of employees negotiate with employers or their representation with object of reaching collective agreements (M Leat, p:38). As far as individual bargaining is concerned, there are certain needs or demands that need to be well as politically strategic process. Trade unions use three factors to achieve their eeds and want to improve and better the working sector. The three factors are as followed; Collective bargaining Legal enactment Mutual insurance Mutual insurance helps workers that are out of work by providing them with funds. They also help in providing travel allowances. Legal enactment is also known as statutory regulations. Through legal enactment, rules regarding the employment can be made. Collective bargaining is more concerned with securing a good grounding in terms of employment through the combination of various employees. Trade unions are perfect example as they use their collective force to gain a better ground on hings. In order to create a working relationship, responsibilities and services must be agreed which is referred to as conjunctive bargaining. Productive agreement is basic requirements for unions and companies to go into in order to maintain a stable working relationship and to avoid any difficulties that may arise in the future. Conjunctive bargaining provides both parties with the minimum terms of agreement to resolve their conflicting interest (Ed Rose,p:281). Conjunctive, which is formed of co and Joint in context to bargaining relation, says that both parties should be on the same page and support each other. According to Chamberlin and Kuhn, there are certain dangers possessed by this method. For managers, the role or function to manage disappears. Hence, for trade union, managers presence is irrelevant. There is a sense of Job security among employees. (Ed Rose,p:282) Integrative bargaining attempts to seek mutual understanding by bringing together various parties with similar interest. This generally results in a win-win scenario. Integrative bargaining can bring management and union together through which significant progress can be made. Agreement leads to cost efficient production which increases productivity. This results in wages being increased because of the rise in profits. On the other hand, CEOs and investment bankers implement an I-win you- lose policy and try to seek an advantage over others. Bargaining power is the driving force which includes threats, bluffs and counters tactics that consequently determines outcomes. Q. 2) To what extent may large differences in pay within an organisation impact upon employee morale and employee relations? If so what can be done to address the issue? Illustrate your answer with examples. Employee morale and employee relation are two key terms that needs to be understood to determine the differences n pay in organization. Employee relation is defined as the relations that exists and are shared between the employees in a work environment or any organization. According to Gospel and Employee relation is a social, economic and political affiliation through which mental and manual labor are bartered for dependent on employee morale. It is the heart beat of any company. The relationship between employers and employees is very much dependant on employee morale. Efficiency in work can be achieved if the ambience is made better and happier. Overall employee morale means satisfactions in work among employees. In recent times, CEOs pay has had a drastic increase compared to normal average employees. The amount accounted to 27 per cent rise in relation to 2 per cent gained by the workers (bureau of labor statistics, n. d). During tough economic times, the answer to the question about such large pay packages is very hard to understand. According to Micheal Faulkender from the University of Maryland, the one reason could be the huge amount of compensation packages the CEOs get. These CEOs dont deserve the amount that theyre getting and all pay condition should be based on merit (pbs. org,2012). HP paid 10 million dollars to hire its chief executive but only after 11 months was forced to pay 23 million dollars as packages and severance. Until and unless the government starts acting and come up with strict regulation, large companies will be entitled to pay the big CEOs large sums of money and very less to the average workers. They should be paid on performance not on the basis of largeness of firms. 40 per cent of the pay is accounted by the firm size whereas Just 5 per cent is based on performance ( Tosi H, Katz and Gomez- MeiJal, Werner S,2000; p 301-339). There exists discrimination towards the people working in ordinary osition. Evidence has shown that the highest paid CEOs are not top performers. Therefore, the criteria on which they get paid have never been based on pay and performance (Nystrom P, Soofl E and Yasai-Ardekani M,2010; 13(4): 782-805) Dual Labour Markets These market are divided into two groups. irst one being the primary labour market is exemplified by Job security, benefits, huge incomes and very good chance of moving upwards. this can be further categorized into two groups. Workers that advance in their work position due to years of service which are know as primary workers or long term workers. hen there are blue collar workers that are in skilled labour which are referred to as low er primary workers. Secondary Labour markets refers to workers that have little Job security and very low income. ( Beer, P. D. , Schils, T. 009;p81-84) Senior management has a huge hand in deciding the pay for top executives which has a strong influence regarding differences in pay. To stop creating social tension and causing massive havoc, large firm should cut out on paying huge amounts of money for nonperforming executives instead focus on the employees who are on a bottom level compared to them and who work extremely ard for their salary. One party that can play a defining role are the shareholders, they can exercise control over pay conflict and manage the human resource much more efficiently. If not acted upon, this might lead to various problems such as employee absentees, lack of motivation etc. there are various ways through which workers willingness to work and maintain a consistent level desire can be maintained. One is by setting up a employee engagement plans. Individuals can shine in their desired field by practicing equity theory which can help bring organization and management together. Global financial civil war might embark in he future creating financial meltdown. Hence, this financial situation or disparity to protect the core values of the company. Balance of brain brings balance of power. Like the battles for natural resources existed within, theres a more strategic battles that has been supplemented by the ones with talent (economist. com, 2006). The obsession about global talent lies with literally every companies these days from hotel chains to credit card companies. It is no longer confined to companies such as general electric or Goldman Sachs. References Rose, E. (2008) Employment Relations. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, p. 7-29 Rose, E. (2008) Employment Relations. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, p. 81-282 Lewis, P. , Thornhill, A. , Saunders, M. (2003). Employee relations: understanding the employment relationship. Harlow, England, Financial Times Prentice Hall, p. 17-21 Leat, M. (2001). Exploring employee relations. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 358 Barbash, J. , Barbash, K. (1989). Theories and concepts in comparative industrial relations. Columbia, S. C. , University of South Carolina P ress, p. 1 57 Tosi H, Werner S, Katz and Gomez-Mejia L (2000). How Much Does Performance Matter? A Meta-Analysis of CEO Pay Studies Journal of Management 26(2): 301-339 The Economist (n. . ) The battle for brainpower. [online] Available at: economist. com/node/7961894 [Accessed: 29 Mar 2013]. Beer, P. D. , Schils, T. (2009). The labour market triangle: employment protection, unemployment compensation, and activation in Europe. Cheltenham, I-JK, Edward Elgar, p. 81-84 Newshour, P. (1996) In a Weak Economy, Why Is CEO Pay on the Rise? I PBS NewsHour I Oct. 4, 2011. [online] Available at: pbs. org/newshour/bb/ business/July-dec11/ceopay_10-04. html [Accessed: 31 Mar 2013]. Nystrom P, Soofl E and Yasai-Ardekani M (2010). Identifying and Analyzing Extremes: Illustrated by CEOs Pay and Performance, Organizational Research Methods, 13(4): 782-805 Industrialrelations. naukrihub. com (1950) Dunlops Model Dunlops Contribution to Industrial Relations. [online] Available at: http://industrialrelations. naukrihub. com/ dunlop-model. html [Accessed: 25 Mar 2013]. Sky News (2013) London Tube Drivers To Strike On Boxing Day. [online] Available at: http://news. sky. com/story/1026561/ london-tube-drivers-to-strike-on-boxing-day [Accessed: 26 Mar 2013]. Tahir, T. (2012) Tube and rail strikes set to cause festive travel misery. [online] Available at: http:// etro. o. uk/2012/12/17/tube-strike-london-underground-drivers-to-stage-walkouts- on-boxing-day-and-in-new-year-3319819/ [Accessed: 27 Mar 2013]. The Employee Relationship. (2013) Untitled. [online] Available at: cipd. co. uk/NR/ rdonlyres/E148D57B-4C8F-4108-B22E-75CE4C9D46C8/0/tssihrmchap11 . pdf [Accessed: 29 Mar 2013]. Thisislondon. co. uk (2011) E52,OOO a year pay deal for Tube drivers and theres no ban on strikes News Evening Standard. [online] Available at: http:// www. thisislondon. co. uk/news/52000-a-year-pay-deal-for-tube-drivers-and-theres-no- ban-on-strikes-6449485. html [Accessed: 26 Mar 2013].

Famous Quotes About Success - A Collection

Famous Quotes About Success - A Collection We may think that we know what success is, because we tend to define success as if it were a goal. In reality success is more of a journey than a destination. Read these famous quotes about success to find out more. Basil KingVictory becomes, to some degree, a state of mind. Knowing ourselves superior to the anxieties, troubles, and worries which obsess us, we are superior to them. Malcolm ForbesVictory is sweetest when youve known defeat. Eric HofferWe are told that talent creates its own opportunities. But it sometimes seems that intense desire creates not only its own opportunities, but its own talents. James E. BurkeWe dont grow unless we take risks. Any successful company is riddled with failures. Milton BerleWe owe a lot to Thomas Edison - if it wasnt for him, wed be watching television by candlelight. Henry David ThoreauWe were born to succeed, not to fail. William BarclayWe will often find compensation if we think more of what life has given us and less about what life has taken away. Paul J. MeyerWhatever you vividly imagine, ardently desire, sincerely believe, and enthusiastically act upon... must inevitably come to pass! Ralph HalfWhen ability exceeds ambition, or ambition exceeds ability, the likelihood of success is limited. Gary SiniseWhen I think of work, its mostly about having control over your destiny, as opposed to being at the mercy of whats out there.

Voting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Voting - Essay Example Americans have more opportunities to vote then any other country in the world, and the impact of voting is felt in every aspect of American life. From the beginning of American history, it has been proven that voting is important. History highlights the importance of voting and the terrible conditions that occur when this right does not exist or is suppressed. During the Revolutionary Era the French, Haitians, and Americans recognized the destructive power of living under a government without a voice. The French masses starved while the aristocrats dinned well under the regime of Louise XIV. Like the Americans, the masses were taxed heavily without representation. No taxation without representation was an ideology that spurred on the American Revolution once the Stamp Act was enacted. In addition, after the implementation of the Stamp Act, "ordinary people came together to call for the boycotting of British goods" (Woods, 1992, p. 244). People began to understand how coming together to influence policy would make a difference in government. The Haitian Revolution demonstrates the biggest impact of living under a government without representation. There were 600,000 black slaves living in Haiti (Girard, 2005). The other ruling groups were comprised of French Officials, white planters, and free blacks total population was approximately 60,000 (Girard, 2005). As the Americans and French lived under unfair laws, the Haitian slaves lived under the Black Codes (Ros, 1991). The Black Codes invited white men and women planters to decide the fate of a black slave on a whim. One woman burned her slave alive in an oven, because of a slightly burnt pie (Ros, 1991). There weren't Civil Rights for the 600,000 slaves, who were bound to the earth and deprived of social mobility. They lived in dirty huts in a society where torture instruments were hung in the windows of prominent businesses (Girard, 2005). The Haitian, French, and Americans eventually won their freedom, but it was at great risks and many deaths. The sacrifices made the n and the perils the people endured emphasize the importance of the average person participating in the government. Common people must remain vigilant to the new laws created and make sure they benefit the entire society. No pure democracy is in existence. Democracy is a work in progress. Constant participation by the public is vital to ensure there is a balance in society, where the average person has a voice. Next, with the protective laws passed such as the Family and Medical Leave Act, the Civil Rights Act, and the American with Disabilities Act, many Americans feel they are safe from unfair treatment. They don't need to participate in the government or provide balance. The current governmental system will simply take care of itself and them. Voting isn't necessary. Yet, there are a growing number of individuals that don't believe that we need regulatory laws that will govern discriminatory behavior. A very popular American President, Ronald Regan supported this notion. He "enacted the Executive Order 12991 in 1981, where no regulatory action can be undertaken unless the potential benefits to society outweigh the potential cost" (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007, p. 4). Supporters of this policy state that businesses want to make profit. They will hire the most qualified person without discriminating, because it will give them a strategic

Price different depend on brand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Price different depend on brand - Research Paper Example A brand refers to a name, sign, symbol, term, or design, or a combination of them, which identifies and differentiates products of one firm from those of others (Breward, 2003). Branding refers to the marketing practice involving creation of names, symbols and designs that identify and differentiate an organization and its products from others. Price differences in the fashion industry depend on the value attached to brands by consumers. This paper aims at studying the impact that brands have on prices in the fashion industry. Prices of various fashion products in the industry often tend to depend on the type of brands themselves. Valuable brand often have the highest prices while less valuable brands often cost cheap. This essay therefore aims at studying the impact of branding in the fashion industry on prices of commodities and services in fashion. Research question how do brands contribute to the differences in prices of products in the fashion industry? Industry overview The fas hion industry is one of the largest industries in the global economy. The industry mostly depends on the availability of disposable incomes among individuals, since most fashion items are considered luxuries. Fashion is part of the popular culture and the latest and best fashion trends are often portrayed in movies and film, music, fashion show and concerts as well as in advertisements in the media. The latest fashion trends and designs are often promoted by respected celebrities and public figures, who often influence peoples buying decisions in the fashion industry. Some of the popular fashion brands in the US and across the world include; Louis Vuitton, H&M, Dolce and Gabana, Kelvin Klein, Christian Dior, Levi Strauss, and Richemont among others. The impact of brands on product prices Branding is very important in the fashion industry since people like to be associated with valuable brands. Fashion brands give consumers certain social classes and they would want to be seen wearin g clothes and other accessories with notable and valuable brands. Prices of brands in the fashion industry will therefore vary according to the value that consumers attach to the particular brand. Most fashion companies therefore endeavor to push their brands to the level that they can attract more consumers who can be loyal to them (Breward, 2003). Demand for most fashion products is different from that of other goods and services because for most fashion products, an increase in price does not lead to a decrease in demand, as it is the case with products in other industries. With a loyal base of consumers, the companies can always manipulate the prices and still manage to attract more consumers(Steele, 2000). ABranding process involving research, defining and establishing brands that consumers can relate, associate and identify with. Brand identity is a very important element of branding and marketing in general. It refers to the ability of target consumers to identify with and re late with a particular brand. Brand identity has to do with the ability of a particular brand to get noticed among the targeted consumers. This therefore includes the packaging process and publicity accorded to the brand through advertising, CSR and sponsorship (Steele, 2000). Fashion brands can increase their brand identity through advertising, engaging with the community through CSR activities, sponsoring various events and having a great presence

Romantic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Romantic Writing - Essay Example That aside, the city was covered with immense beauty with lovely people. There were echoes of good music across the city and many adored an advance of the majestic King from the royalty. His spender was a mark of beauty that drew the attention of everybody. The whole vicinity of the city was good for one to stay and it was full of comfort with the assurance of security and comfort of a friendly society. Everybody seemed to be calm and composed. There was no reason to cast doubt on anything or even to grow suspicious of any event that was to come. The society was accommodating with everybody minding own businesses. The paradox is evident when the poet makes an observation of a boy who they grew up and ended up in London after fate had forced him out of school because of his physical challenge. The boy upon return to his home was not the same as he had departed from a few years before. The boy who then had grown to a full man depicted an image that left everybody with little respect an d admiration of London. The boy was emaciated with a seemingly poor health. The health of the boy had deteriorated which was a thing that sent a signal that London was not a good place, as it seemed to be at the superficial cover. The presence of the boy revealed another aspect that the poet seemed to misunderstand. In the abode of the poet, things seemed to be normal and his perception was deceived to think that people in the capital city of England were nice. To the lame boy, things were quite different. The environment to him was marred with hostility and nobody seemed to care about anybody. Individualism befitted the description of the town dwellers and everybody minded their own business. Everybody was on their own; and worst of all, even the next door neighbors did not care about each other. Nobody cared about other peoples’ welfare and even the government did not mind of the welfare of the disabled and the destitute. The poor and the lame were left to survive on their own without any assistance lest they be eliminated by the cruel nature that was created by the selfish human beings. In England, people were permanent strangers to each other because unless there is a relationship that seem to benefit another person, then there was never a point of contact between people at all (Jeffrey 1992). People minded their own businesses without caring of another person. The city though had good people by site. They were very attractive with grin smiles all over their faces but this depiction was further blended with opposite thoughts of the time. Nobody was happy with one another and what seemed to be was just a mark of the opposite (Roe 1998). The environment was covered with beauty and the aesthetics of the city of a higher standard. The city was covered with imaginations of beauty and the calmness of ethos and morality. The presence of God seemed to be part of the city and accommodation of diversity seemed to be an accepted and an appreciable fact. Church es and religious depictions were many in the city. The increasing number of churches could send one to an imagination that folks there were following religious values and virtue taught by Christ. This was contrary. People were walking into churches, and hypocritically proclaiming goodness but immediately they step out of the church doors, life was taken as normal and the selfish lifestyle took effect. The poet is

Does International Law Matter in Relation between States Essay

Does International Law Matter in Relation between States - Essay Example International law, is the body of law that 'regulates the activities of entities possessing international personality'. Traditionally, that meant the conduct and relationships of states. However, it is now well established that International Law also concerns the structure and conduct of international organizations, and, to a degree, that of multinational corporations and individuals" (Wikipedia). International law, as it exists today, makes one question as to whether it has any real influence in impacting issues between states, related to war/peace, human rights, trade and even crime. This is because the interpretation and application of international law makes it so fluid, that it can be molded by any nation to suit its stand. The stronger the nation, the easier it gets to mold the so-called law. Damrosch et al state that international law "governs relations between independent states" (68). But if it is so slippery, how can it ever achieve this objective It must be noted, that customary international law is based on what states consistently practice out of a sense of legal obligation. So, customary international law keeps changing based on acceptance or rejection of specific acts practiced by states. The weakness inherent in international law is further examined from a legal perspective. International law as a law appears to be a paradox. As noted by Glennon: "when a given question can be argued either way, a state is presumed to be free to act. Indeed, it could hardly be otherwise in any legal system. It is, as Kelsen wrote, a 'fundamental principle that what is not legally forbidden to the subjects of the law is legally permitted to them.'84"(63). There is so much uncertainty surrounding international law that the arguments in a court are not so much about whether the actions were permissible or impermissible under international law, but about what international law really specifies. ... ance consider the environment protection law on banning tuna caught in the nets that kill dolphins, if accepted, then it has a discriminatory effect on trade. So "international law, as interpreted by the WTO, becomes the friend of business and bugaboo of environmentalists" (Ratner). If the interpretation of international law is going to increase conflicts, how can it ever ensure global stability Overall, international law has too many gaps or overlaps, which only increase tensions between states. It has seen limited success for example in the extradition of Abu Salem Qayyum Ansari to India from Portugal and in the banning of landmines. Question of War and Peace It is an accepted premise that war is waged either in retaliation or in self-defense to an aggressor's move. This has also been an accepted stance in the international framework. US, too supported this stance and normally argued that nations need to work within the international framework so that the world order does not break down. However, it was quick to exempt itself from this rationale, when it planned the Iraq invasion. Bush administration argued on the basis of the pre-emptive principle claiming that Iraq was a potential threat. US rejected traditional international law, claiming that it was not suited to manage the contemporary situation. Arend notes: Traditional international law required there to be an "imminent danger of attack" before preemption would be permissible, the [Bush] administration argues in its 2002 National Security Strategy (NSS) that the United States "must adapt the concept of imminent threat to the capabilities and objectives of today's adversaries." It contends that "[t]he greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction - and the more compelling the case for taking

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Essay Example   Currently, a broad-based scientific consensus exists over foods in the market, which have been derived from genetic modifications that they have no threats and health concerns on the life of humans and other beings that consume them. However, some opponents to the idea of genetic modification have refuted these concepts, basing their arguments on various safety issues, economic and environmental concerns. They have emphasized that the economic concerned raised about these foods emanate from the fact that the genetically modified seeds are foods sources, which are subject to the intellectual property rights as owned by the respective corporations that make them (Rotman, 2014).Plants that have been genetically engineered are often generated from the laboratory through alteration made in their genetic compositions and tested effectively if they contain the desired qualities. In most cases, this happens through the addition of one or many genes in their particular genomes by use of g enetic engineering methodologies. Some of the plants that are genetically modified are done in certain controlled ways through the addition of more genes in a process called cloning or some genes are subtracted from them.Nowadays, genetic modification is often carried out in order to make plants resistant to insects, viri, fungi and herbicides. Additionally, these modifications are also aimed at changing the nutritional content of these plants, improving their taste and duration for storage after harvest.

Does International Law Matter in Relation between States Essay

Does International Law Matter in Relation between States - Essay Example International law, is the body of law that 'regulates the activities of entities possessing international personality'. Traditionally, that meant the conduct and relationships of states. However, it is now well established that International Law also concerns the structure and conduct of international organizations, and, to a degree, that of multinational corporations and individuals" (Wikipedia). International law, as it exists today, makes one question as to whether it has any real influence in impacting issues between states, related to war/peace, human rights, trade and even crime. This is because the interpretation and application of international law makes it so fluid, that it can be molded by any nation to suit its stand. The stronger the nation, the easier it gets to mold the so-called law. Damrosch et al state that international law "governs relations between independent states" (68). But if it is so slippery, how can it ever achieve this objective It must be noted, that customary international law is based on what states consistently practice out of a sense of legal obligation. So, customary international law keeps changing based on acceptance or rejection of specific acts practiced by states. The weakness inherent in international law is further examined from a legal perspective. International law as a law appears to be a paradox. As noted by Glennon: "when a given question can be argued either way, a state is presumed to be free to act. Indeed, it could hardly be otherwise in any legal system. It is, as Kelsen wrote, a 'fundamental principle that what is not legally forbidden to the subjects of the law is legally permitted to them.'84"(63). There is so much uncertainty surrounding international law that the arguments in a court are not so much about whether the actions were permissible or impermissible under international law, but about what international law really specifies. ... ance consider the environment protection law on banning tuna caught in the nets that kill dolphins, if accepted, then it has a discriminatory effect on trade. So "international law, as interpreted by the WTO, becomes the friend of business and bugaboo of environmentalists" (Ratner). If the interpretation of international law is going to increase conflicts, how can it ever ensure global stability Overall, international law has too many gaps or overlaps, which only increase tensions between states. It has seen limited success for example in the extradition of Abu Salem Qayyum Ansari to India from Portugal and in the banning of landmines. Question of War and Peace It is an accepted premise that war is waged either in retaliation or in self-defense to an aggressor's move. This has also been an accepted stance in the international framework. US, too supported this stance and normally argued that nations need to work within the international framework so that the world order does not break down. However, it was quick to exempt itself from this rationale, when it planned the Iraq invasion. Bush administration argued on the basis of the pre-emptive principle claiming that Iraq was a potential threat. US rejected traditional international law, claiming that it was not suited to manage the contemporary situation. Arend notes: Traditional international law required there to be an "imminent danger of attack" before preemption would be permissible, the [Bush] administration argues in its 2002 National Security Strategy (NSS) that the United States "must adapt the concept of imminent threat to the capabilities and objectives of today's adversaries." It contends that "[t]he greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction - and the more compelling the case for taking

Astronomy 123 Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Astronomy 123 Homework - Assignment Example He believed that everything in the space was located within the galaxy. Shapley advocated a proposition of relative size to support his idea that if the Andromeda galaxy had not been part of the Milky Way then the distance of it could have been 1000000000 light year. This research was not fully welcomed by most of the scientists during the period. The Andromeda spiral almost sparkled at an era of time in the Andromeda galaxy. Outwardly and for new star, the gross energy was not reasonable. Consequently, the Andromeda and new star should be in Milky Way. The evidence showed optical spectrum of the spiral nebula was not distinguishable from spectrum of the galaxy. Shapley also utilized the kind of absurdum and reduction fully. If Andromeda had been independent, then it had possessed a miraculous brightness so that people could have detected from far. 3. Andrew McKellar was a Canadian astronomer, who studied physics and mathematics in the University of British Columbia. He showed his first observations to astronomers in 1930 and early 1940s. He suffered a number of setbacks that made him not to realize it. One of the setbacks was non-uniformity in observations. This was due to coherent fluctuations on angular scales that were larger than cosmological horizon at combination. Instrumental errors due to the use of different instruments were another major cause of difficulty in data collection. Planck telescope which was more sensitive and had larger angular resolution confirmed the axis of evil observation. Non- equivalent dependent variable designs used by Andrew McKellar hindered effective collection of

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Example for Free

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Soldiers involved in a war are faced with many difficult situations, which they can mostly not avoid. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common phenomenon among the soldiers since while in the war, they face some life threatening experiences. Many of the American soldiers who return from the war are faced with serious mental disorders that not only affects them, but their family members as well. The individuals suffering from PTSD can experience cases of nightmares and flashbacking on the events that happened in the war. Frequent flashbacks and nightmares can make it look so realistic that its effect is that the individual may withdraw from the family members and friends. Such an individual may also become less concerned with the daily activities (Moon, n. d). There are other diseases that are associated with the PTSD that can have severe effect on a soldier. For instance, a veteran may experience such cases as depression, face physical or even mental problems. At some instances, the veterans turn to drug and substance abuse so that they can relieve their problems. It is usually the joy of every family to have their members back after participating in a war. However, after the celebration, and things turn back to normal, it is when the family members can realize a different in the way the veteran behaves which might be completely different from the behaviors before deployment. These can be directly linked to the trauma the veteran faced during the war. Apart from having nightmares and flashbacks of what happened during the war, the veteran might feel a lot of anxiety and panic. They might as well have some very distressing thoughts and emotional numbing, which might contribute to abusing drugs. In essence, when a family member changes the usual behavior, it will either positively or negatively affect the other family members (Moon, n. d). With PTSD, when the symptoms are severe, they might cause the family members to be disrupted in the way they carry out their normal activities. This can mostly be experienced when the family members in one way or another react to how the veteran is behaving. Different family members can react differently on the way their loved one is affected by PTSD. If there is no good measure that is undertaken to deal with the traumatized veteran, then it is possible that the trauma might be spread to other family members. Family members are the first to provide support, love and caring for the veterans experiencing PTSD. This can help to keep in check some reactions such as drug and substance abuse. Furthermore, it is necessary that the family members monitor the behaviors among themselves to ensure that none is affected by the PTSD that is being experienced by the veteran. However, it might occur that at a time, the symptoms either to the veteran or the other affected family members are apparent, hence calling for treatment (Tull, 2008). To treat the veteran, the present problems have to be first of all assessed. It is advisable that the family members participate in the treatment exercise, especially if some members have been affected by the symptoms. In creating the treatment, family members, the therapist and the affected veteran should be involved. The aim of the treatment plan is to help the victim and the family members learn to cope with the situation.

The Perspective Of Reception Aesthetics English Language Essay

The Perspective Of Reception Aesthetics English Language Essay Mao Zedong(1893-1976), who led the Chinese people to have obtained liberation and independence and established their own country, is a great leader, a distinguished statesman, a prominent thinker and a famous strategist. He is loved and respected by the Chinese people. However, at the same time, his fame as a poet is incontrovertible. Willis Barnstone, Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University in Bloomington, considers Mao Zedong an original master, one of Chinas most important poets (He Qixin, 1992:8). His poems, a crystallization of politics, history, military affairs, philosophy and art, upholds and represents the advanced Chinese culture. And his poems are cherished as a gleaming gem in Chinese contemporary literature. Zang Kejia once commented on Maos poems like this, His poems open up a new realm for Chinese classical poetry and reach the peak of modern poetry.(Lv Zuyin, 2007) Considering the highly artistic, idealistic and cultural value of Maos poetry, it is of great significance to work on its translation and the study of existing translations so as to improve their quality, guide future translation and expand the influence of Chinese poetry and culture. However, in fact, the study of English translation of Maos poetry has lagged far behind the study of Maos poetry itself. And these studies have mainly focused on the roles of the translator and the translated versions from the perspective of deconstruction. The former study analyzes the translators roles as a reader, a decision-maker and as a writer in the process of translation, and as a cultural mediator in cultural turn. It demonstrates the significance of translators roles more clearly and forcefully. The latter analyzes the ideological content in different English versions of Mao Zedongs poems. It reveals that translation is a dynamic rather than a static process under the constant influence of different ideologies. Until recent years, under the free atmosphere in the academic study, great changes have taken place in the study of Mao Zedongs poetry. The aesthetic study has achieved a great many results from the multi-level or multi-angle aspects, moreover, the linguistic features or the aesthetic features have been covered as well as the humanistic study. However, the aesthetic study of Mao Zedongs poetry has less referred from the formal and the rhetoric perspective, thus this thesis is just an attempt to the field. To present a clear account of this research, here is the outline of this thesis: The introduction briefs the writing motive of this thesis; Chapter Two reviews Reception Aesthetics theory and its core concepts, as well as feasibility studies for the translations of Mao Zedongs poems with RA; Chapter Three reproduces formal beauty and rhetorical beauty of Mao Zedongs poems; Chapter Four is a comparative study of how the construction, rhymes, rhythms and rhetoric of Maos poems are reproduced and refreshed in the four English versions (Oxford version, The official version, Zhao Zhentaos version and Xu Yuanchongs version); Chapter Five makes a summary of the comparison and discusses the losses and gains in Maos poetry translation and analyzes the reasons. The conclusion sums up the whole thesis. Chapter One Introduction to Maos Poetry and Its Four Selected English Versions 1.1 Introduction to Mao Zedongs Poetry In Maos lifetime, he wrote 67 poems altogether. Among them, 42 poems were revised and agreed by him to publish finally during his life. While another 25 poems were released to the public after his death. The writing of Maos poetry is closely related with his living background, as well as the modern history of China and the world. So, only carefully study the history background and the concrete processes of many great events, as well as Maos experience, thoughts, character and mentality, we can reveal the rich and deep connotation of Maos poems. Style of poetry refers to poems characteristics and personality of some poet. All good poems have their own styles, and all poems by famous poets have their own styles, so do Maos poems. Just as Mao Anqing had commented his father Father is a man of affectionate nature. When his emotions exalt to poems, his poems find their lives. No matter grief and joy, or vulgarism and elegance, all rest his feelings on poeple. So, to read his poems is to know him. (Xu Yuanchong, 1993:3). Thus Mao composed his poems with his whole heart and the living background. Besides, Mao likes reading and studying classical Chinese poetry, discussing about poems and arts with poets and scholars, and enjoys summarizing his poem creative experience to form his unique characteristics. 1.1.1 Profound Ideological Contents As mentioned above, the number of Maos poems is small. But each of them is full of luxuriant imagery, profound meaning and philosophy. Meanwhile, covering various themes like nature, society and life, these poems are rich in epochal character and combativeness, and always encourage people to pursuit higher target. In order to study, the 42 poems can be divided into four groups according to diachronic: The first group has 4 poems created from the founding of the Chinese Communist Party to First Great Revolution (April 1918-July 1927). Changsha, tune: Spring in a Pleasure Garden'(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) is a good example. These poems are Maos youth work, which are slightly inferior to later ones. But they are also very inspiring for their lofty spirits and soaring determinations. The second group has 16 poems created from the Agrarian Revolution and the Anti-Japanese War ( August 1927-August 1945), like The Autumn Harvest Uprising, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹), Mount Jinggang, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹)etc. This period is a prolific period in Maos life. Recording the most difficult historical period of the Chinese revolution, the poems are ingeniously conceived with great subjetcs and full of lofty revolutionary heroism and optimistic spirits. The third group has 2 poems created during the War of Liberation (September 1945- September 1949), like Capture of Nanjing by the Peoples Liberation Army(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) etc. Though the number of poems is small, they were written before the victory of the Chinese revolution, with strong actuality, magnificent style and clear attitude. The last group has 20 poems created with the perspective in Maos poems from revolution to socialist transformation and construction, after the founding of Peoples Republic of China in 1949, like Swimming, Tune: Prelude to the Melody of Water' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ °Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ³Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and so on. The poems have quite a new approach to the subjects with enterprising spirit, more allusions and humorous language, which are rich in romantic color and high artistry. However, according to synchronism, Maos poems can be divided into three groups: The first group concentrates to describe natural scenery, such as Changsha, tune: Spring in a Pleasure Garden'(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹), the Yellow Crane Tower, Tune: Buddhist Dancers' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ®Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) etc. These poems exhibit magnificence of natural scenes and extol the life of nature. The second group mainly describes society and history, such as Mount Jinggang, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and two tunes of Pride of Fishermen(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and so on. These poems pay attention to describe the fighting of peoples army and the historical changes of whole society. And the last group mainly describes life and love, such as Seeing Luo Zhanglong off to Japan(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ µÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹). These poems show the poet has the experience of death and parting, and even loneliness as normal people. In a word, no matter how classify, no matter how length it is, Maos poems create an absorbing poetic imagery with wonderful design, rich ideas and sentiments, and are good at expressing the complicated historical causes with terse language. Distinct Artistic Style Style is the unique spiritual temperament and creative personality showed in writers own works by themselves. It runs through all works of a writer, as well as every writings theme which composes the work, such as rhyme, rhythm, diction, rhetorical devices, and text structure and so on. Therefore, style is the writer (Buffon ¼Ã…’1753). Maos poetry is full of candid and vigorous artistic style. First, from the internality of poetry, Mao likes Li Bai, Li He and Li Shangyin (known as Three Li) very much, and is in especial love of poetry by Cao Cao. Their poems are full of broad minds and high aspirations, which strike a chord in Mao Zedong, for passion is the emotional characteristic in Maos life. Mao also said only writing out the writers own bosom and sentiment in poems, it can strike a responsive chord in readers and make them excited. (à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2002:19). Second, from the styles of poetry, Mao pursuits the styles of diligence, fortitude, largeness and boldness. He once said I prefer Cao Caos poems, with powerful spirits and grieving feelings, which shows him a true man. (à ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã… ¸Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2003 ¼Ã… ¡67). Mao also said Li Bais poems are unconstrained and imaginable, which make people relaxed and happy. So, reading Li Bais poems more could make readers open th eir minds. (à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2002:191). In all, the spirits of vigor, perseverance and self-reliance in these poems tally with Maos poetic features well. Third, from the expressions of poetry, Mao likes romantic works with rich imagination and usages of exaggeration and personification. So, Mao admires the famous poet Su Dongpo of powerful and free school in Song Dynasty very much, as well as the famous poetess Li Qingzhao of subtle and concise school. Therefore, Maos poems have characteristics of the two schools, just as he criticized himself I has a bias in favor of the style of boldness, but never totally ignore the style of gracefulness (à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’1955:413). 1.1.3 Magnificent Imagery Just like other classical Chinese poems, Maos poems are tending to use various images. Mao even showed his attitude toward poetry creation in a letter to Chen Yi that poetry conveys ideas by means of images. First, on images, Mao usually expresses feelings by nature, which makes the image great and magnificent. The most used word in his poems is à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky), such as à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ ±Ã‚ »Ãƒ ©Ã…“Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã…“Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ « and so on. à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) and à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½(wind) are second, like à ¨Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ «Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã… ¾Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã… ¾Ã‚ , à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©- ², à ¨Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ©- ´. à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸(river), à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´(water) and à ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·(sea) are third. Consequently, Mao prefers things with imposing vigor, but never uses à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ(hill), à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ª(stream), à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ³(creek). Besides, Mao also prefers snow, rain, wind and frost in nature. According to statistics, there are 12 à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨(rain), 13 à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ª(snow) and 8 à ©Ã…“Å“(frost) in Maos poems. In term of à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky), Maos usage is different from the ancients. à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky) in classical Chinese poetry mostly mapped a gloomy and mournful image, for example, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã…“à ©Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ ¾, à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…  -à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã… ¾, à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÃ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã… ¡-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ žÂ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¥ or à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¦Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å" etc. instead, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky) in Maos poems shows a strong revolution will, and is often used to describe the glories and the foibles of man, such as à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ·, à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ½, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿- ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¦- ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÃ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦- °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©, à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾ à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ » and so on, which obviously represent Maos heroic character and broad mind. Second, Maos images in his poems are colorful. Among various colors, Mao likes red best. For example, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, à §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ , à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ » etc. While, in à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾, metonymy is vividly used to describe rainbows magnificence with seven basic colors. At last, Mao is good at using creative and impassioned verbs to present a dynamic and exultant picture of nature. Just like à ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢, à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ »(cleave) is more forceful than à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾(fly), while à §Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ (glide) is quicker than à ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸(swim). A comparatively still object will move in Maos poems. Take à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) for example, à ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸- ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã… ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"† Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ³Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ·Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã…’ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦-†¹, à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¡. à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) in Maos poems is not stable and silent, but could dance, fly, walk and even run, in all, with kinds of ways to move. (à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2005) Therefore, images of Maos poems are magnificent, glorious, moving and bright colors. These not only show his heroic bearing as a giant of Chinese revolution, but produce unique rich images of classical Chinese poetry. When translating Maos poems, translators should pay attention to these characteristics. 1.2 Introduction to Four Selected English Versions According to incomplete statistics, domestic versions of Maos poetry have come to more than 200 now, including Chinese versions, minority versions, foreign versions, as well as handwriting versions, copybook versions and melodization versions and so on. Among them, the most influential ones are Mao Tze-tung: Nineteen Poems, Mao Zedong Poems (37 pieces), Collection of Mao Zedongs Poem (50 pieces) published by Peoples Literature Publishing House and Collection of Mao Zedongs Poem (67 pieces) by Central Committee Documents Publishing House. Various versions of Mao poems not only make a profound and lasting influence in poetry circle, but lay a foundation for the further research. Since rhetorical devices translation in four English versions of Maos poems will be studied in this thesis. it is indispensable to know about the four selected English versions. This part will give an overall introduction to these versions; the basic information about each version will be presented in the table below: Basic publishing information about the four selected English versions Oxfords version Official version Zhaos version Xus version Translator Michael BullockJerome Chen Yuan Shuipai, Ye Junjian, Adler etc. Zhao Zhentao Xu Yuanchong Book Name Mao and the Chinese Revolutio: with Thirty-Seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung Mao Tse-tung Poems Mao Zedong Poems Selected Poems of Mao Zedong Publishing House Oxford University Press Foreign Languages Press Hunan Normal University Press China Translation Press Company Publishing place New York; London; Peking Changsha Beijing Time 1965 1976 1992 1993 Among the four versions, the former one is translated by foreigners and the latter three by Chinese. The former one is in the form of prose and the latter three are in the form of poetry with rhyme and rhythm. In the following part, more detailed information about the translator and the format and general characteristics of each version will be provided respectively for comprehensive and better understanding of their translations. 1.2.1 Oxfords Version It is the translation that doesnt come from Chinese translators, but sinologists aboard. Among these translations, the translators special position decides there never occurs any anxiety and fear, and there also has no need to bow in worship before the original author. For the subjects of translating will appear in the horizons of readers from the English-speaking world first as a literature works, the translators consider more needs of that kinds of readers when they translate. Also, it is easy to find that the translating activities by foreign scholars mainly happened in 1960s-1970s, so there will be more chance to have commons among these translations for the short time-span. In 1965, the Chinese (-Born) American scholar Jerome Chen collaborated on Mao and the Chinese Revolution: with Thirty-seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung with American scholar Michael Bullock, and published it in London and New York by Oxford University Press. As a history professor, Jerome Chen studies Chinese movement of communism and knows much about Chinas revolution and has a relatively comprehensive and deep understanding of what Maos poetry writes about. There is an introduction to Maos poems before the translations. After each translated poem, notes including the writing background and explanations of some important Chinese cultural things are given to help English readers gain a relatively complete understanding of the poems. 1.2.2 The Official Version The official translation is Mao Tse-tung poems published by Foreign Language Press in 1976. In this book, there is a photo of Mao Zedong and one of his calligraphy on the preface. The title of each poem was printed in red, while the subtitle and the lines of each poem were all printed in blank. After these translated poems, there is a NOTE ON THE VERSE FORM by translators to briefly explain the style of the poem. Because the original author Mao Zedong was occupying the leader of the nation at that time, the translating activities was held by officials and became a serious political task under the guidance of leaders from countrys most powerful office. The translation was completed by Mao Zedong poems translation group and issued by the government. All of these made the 1976 translation have great difference with others, no matter from contents or forms. 1.2.3 Zhao Zhentaos Version The name of Zhaos version is Mao Zedond Poems with thirty-nine poems. It was published by by Hunan Peoples Publishing House in 1992. There are two prefaces in the version: one is written by Han Suyin and the other by the translator himself. The translator also wrote two articles about several issues in the translated versions of Maos poetry. The two articles mainly point out the mistakes or something improper in the translated versions which show the translators carefulness and earnestness on the understanding of Maos poetry and his great faithfulness to the original especially in details. In this version, the translator adopts the form of Chinese-English contrast and provides the simple notes after each translated poem. 1.2.4 Xu Yuanchongs Version This version is named Seletced Poems of Mao Zedong containing forty-seven poems and it is published by China Translation and Publishing Corporation in 1993 for the memory of the 100th anniversary of Maos birth. In this version, there are English notes after each poem. Xu Yuanchong, the gifted and well-known poem translator, who is a professor of Beijing University and has achieved a lot in the field of translation, has idea of translating poetry with poetry. With his translation theory of three beauties, he thought the translated poem should be as beautiful as the original in sense, sound and form, and that among the three beauty, beauty in sense comes first, and beauty in sound second, and beauty in form third, and that if it is impossible to achieve all beauties at the same time, the resemblance in form will come first and then in sound as to achieve faithfulness and beauty in sense. (Xu Yuanchong, 1992) In this version, there is a photo of Mao Zedong with Mao Anqing and Shao Hua on the first page and the short preface written by them. Besides these, there is the preface written by the translator himself in both Chinese and English about his translation views and principles, mainly about the application of Three Beauty Principle in translating Maos poems. The translator also adopts the form of Chinese-English contrast and provides the English notes and some background information after each translated poem. The above versions are short for Oxfords, the Official, Zhaos and Xus separately in the following discussion. Chapter Two Reception Aesthetic Theory Review 2.1 A Brief Introduction to Reception Aesthetic Theory Reception theory is neither a general study of essence of aesthetics nor a study of criticism about literary art theory. It is rather the system of methodology concerning the study of succession of factors and laws in readers reception process, based on the theories of phenomenology and hermeneutics and aimed at readers reception in the literary work. (Davis, Linell, 2001:33) Reception aesthetics (or reception theory) was developed in German, arouse in the later of 1960s and matured in 1970s. Its main representatives are some professors from Constance University of south German, such as H.R.Jauss, W.Iser. RA broke through the traditional critical molds with writer center and works center and turned to the mold with reader center, which opened up the sight of art criticism. No matter how great difference and divarication the inside of reception aesthetics exist, there is a common basic theory, which puts readers (or reception subjects) in the central position of literature activities. According to reception aesthetics, literature is a new communication activity and it must have certain condition and place. The artworks are a medium (or tool) for artists and readers to communicate. If the words written by writers havent read by readers, they are just semi finished articles (i.e. text) and have the potential ability to be literature works, but not real ones; only read by receptionists (readers), they will be real literature works. According to this theory, writers must preset a reader (i.e. implied reader or potential reader) when writing, Literature works are regarded as a dynamic communication form between text and reader, but not a free thing. So, writing for writer is to communicate and make dialogues with his preset reader. Reception Aesthetic theory challenges traditional author centered or text centered theories which ignore the function and status of readers as well as the interaction between readers and texts. Reception theory soon spreads all over the world, and becomes a very important theory of literature and criticism. Just as Holub said, Virtually, every methodological perspective and area of literary endeavor has responded to the challenge that has raised by reception theory. (Houlb, 1984:15) 2.2 Core Concepts of Reception Aesthetics 2.2.1 Horizon of expectation Horizon of Expectation is the core conception of reception aesthetics, which refers to receptor about oriental psychological structural schema. This directional emotion is transformed from the current life and aesthetics experience, and it is a mental foundation for aesthetics, including the education level of receptor, living experience, aesthetics and literature interest, as well as experience, knowledge and works expectation formed from the familiarity about various forms and skills, which have been gotten from the whilom aesthetics experience. Among these factors forming horizon of expectation, the times, nation, culture and class where readers are make radical influence on receptors appreciation and interests. Horizon of Expectation theory points, the literature participation of any reception subjects is just a process that their horizon of expectations seek to express. Only if the works must adapt for readers horizon of expectation, they will arouse their interests and set up a channel for reception objects and subjects, then, get into the reception process. If works horizon of expectation is far away from readers, the works will lose their attraction and the channel wont be built, at last, the works will fail to make receptors get into the reception process. Translation also takes readers as objects. The direct receptor of translation is the main body of readingreaders. If there are no readers, the meaning, connotation and expression forms cannot become the objects of aesthetics, and translation also cannot have a definite object in view when conveying its information. Therefore, in this theory, readers are regarded as an important part of translating to research. 2.2.2 Fusion of horizon Since we have horizon of readers, it is not strange that horizon also includes the authors horizon and the translators horizon. The authors horizon has effect on the creation of works, which means, with different backgrounds and experiences, different authors will create different styles of works. The readers horizon mainly concerns about the process of reception. The translator, actually, has the function as a bridge. On one side, the translator is the reader who appreciates and understands the original works. On the other side, he or she is a translator. Because different translators have different background like personality, skill, education, interest, views to the world and so on. So, the translators version and recognition about translation activity and original works will be diverse. In order to let the translated versions be accepted, the translator should develop his translation skills and strategies to cater to the readers horizon. The activity of fusion of horizon happens between past experiences which are contained in the original works and present interests of its nowadays readers. It is a dynamic process. 2.2.3 Indeterminacy and blank of meaning Iser mainly focuses on the gap or indeterminacy of the text. To Iser, the most important difference between a literary and a non-literary work is just the indeterminacies that have contained in the works. There are lots of indeterminacy that constitutes the most important elements for literary works, Meaning is not contained in the text itself, but rather is generated during the reading process. It is neither purely textual nor totally subjective, but the result of an interaction between the two: the extent of our participation and the degree of the works determinacy defines the type of text with which we are dealing (Selden, 1986: 327-329). It is the existence of these blanks and gaps that force and stimulate readers to recreate and concrete. Iser proposes that literary works have two poles: artistic pole and aesthetic pole, in which, the artistic pole just means the original text created by the author, the aesthetic pole is about the realization of meaning carried out by the readers. The meaning of one certain work can only be realized through the activity that readers fill in the indeterminacy during reading. When readers read the works, they will commonly make prediction or pre-judgment. When encountered with blanks or gaps, they will fill them up actively from they own creativity, skills and so on. This process is the so called concretization of reading. In the creation of literary works, the author usually describes the main features of the text fully and clearly, while at the same time, omits purposely some unimportant features or clues and leaves them to the reader for aesthetic effect and semantic function. When Jauss was doing research on the role of literature in history, Iser decided to analyze and study the reading process and the role of readers. In Isers mind, it is the reader who helps to form the meaning of text by filling in blanks or gaps. 2.2.4 Implied reader Maybe the most distinctive feature of reception aesthetics is its emphasis on the notion of readers. Different readers have different horizon of expectations before activity of reading. It is not strange that different understanding may occur toward the same literary work. To the theorists of reception theory, literary works are created for readers; readers help to realize the meaning of literary works to a large extent. It is the historical position of literary works. Implied reader roots deeply in the textual structure, the emergence of textually and structurally anticipated acceptor and there is no need to define the acceptor. (Iser, 1971:19). Iser asks for an actual reader or empirical reader, but doesnt consider the expression of the reader. The relationship of implied reader and the text is the central focus for Iser, The implied reader embodies all those predispositions necessary for a literary work to exercise its effect predispositions laid down, not by an empirical outside reality, but by the text itself. Consequently, the implied reader as a concept has his roots firmly planted in the structure of the text; he is a construct and in no way to be identified with any real reader (Zhu Gang, 1998:116). Reception aesthetics believes that the process of literary creation is not a self completed task, it is not self-sufficient. The process is also an activity that helps to communicate thoughts, ideas, and emotions and so on to the other people. Literary works can only be seen as a possible existence before being read and understood. Only after the reception of readers can literary works significance be realized. While during the process of reception, the receptive activity is not a passive one but an initiative one. The readers not just simply read the works, but he or she will fill in the gaps and indeterminacies with his or her own imagination, life experiences, interests, etc. Without participation of the reader, literary works are not true. The aesthetic sense and function of literary can be achieved only through the interaction with readers. It is the reader that creates the beauty and vitality of literary works persistent. 2.2.5 Appealing structure The concept of Appealing structure is put forward firstly by Edmund Husserls student Roman Ingarden. Iser has absorbed many ideas from Ingarden, among which, the concept of indeterminacy and blanks were Isers focal point. It is the existence of indeterminacy which links the writers ideas in the process of writing and the readers reception ideas in the process of reading that make literary works lively and vital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦only through readers effort can the writers ideas shown in the text be actualized or concretized in different ways and reappear in different looks in readers mind. Indeterminacy of the text and vacancy of meaning urges readers to look for the meaning of the text; as a result, readers are given the right to participate in forming the meaning: the meaning is the result of an interaction between text and reader rather hides in the text to wait to be discovered. Thus an open text and its meaning blanks form the basic structure of the text, which is what we called ap pealing structure. (Houlb, 1984:25). In conclusion, reception aesthetics breaks through the traditional text-centered theories and establishes readers-centered viewpoint. It proposes that the meaning of literary works is depended on the readers. The dynamic interaction of the readers previous experiences and the text gives birth to the concept of the readers response. The readers imagination and interpretation can be fully realized from the indeterminacy and gaps that are contained in the text. The appealing structure forces the readers to participate in the interaction with the text and to actualize the hidden meaning of the text. To reception theorist, literatures historical significance lies in the readers pre-experience which joins literature to history. Different readers with different background, interests, education, aesthetic abilities and so on will interpret the same text differently. Reception aesthetics is either important to literature theory or to criticism. Just as Jauss mentioned, Reception Aesthetics opened a view the possibility of renewing literary history, exhausted and mired in positivism, by giving it the task of seeking a new understanding of the history of literature as a communication process between all three parties, namely, the author, t

The Development of Janes Character from Passionate Child to Independen

The Development of Jane's Character from Passionate Child to Independent Woman Jane's character changes immensely throughout the course of the novel. In Victorian England, there were distinctive boundaries of social classes and I intend to study Jane's social elevation, from a destitute orphan to that of a beloved wife. When Jane was a child her parents died and she was sent to Mr Reed, her late mother's brother. "my own uncle - my mother's brother in his last moments he had required a promise of Mrs Reed that she would rear and maintain me as one of her own" Her uncle died and she was left with Mrs Reed and her three cousins who all despised her. They only looked after her because of the promise to Mr Reed. It was typical in Victorian England for an orphan to stay with relatives because if they didn't they would be sent to the workhouse. They would either be loved or despised - like in Jane's case. Jane was a spirited child who was not afraid to stand up to Mrs Reed or John Reed. She was isolated and explains how unloved and ill treated she was at Gateshead "if anyone asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, I will tell them the very thought of you makes me sick" Jane is a brave, little girl and tells things as they are. She accepts how badly she was treated and lets Mrs Reed know this just before leaving to go to school at Lowood. When Mr Brocklehurst visited her at Gateshead, she was forceful and told him directly "Psalms are not interesting." This action was not typical of others in Victorian England, as they would not have answered so bluntly. Jane Eyre leaves Gateshead and attends Lowood School, she forms alliances with Helen Burns and Miss Temple, and she becomes a much .. ...character it helps to focus and underline the thoughts and feelings of the writer without feeling embarrassed, instead it allows the writer to get their opinions into society through another means other than themselves. However, I do not believe that the whole novel is feminist because a Victorian woman's aspiration was to marry and in the end this is what Jane ends up doing. The period when Jane is at school is when she learns to control herself and become more "Victorian", but again in contrast to this, it has been suggested that Miss Temple and Jane were more than just friends up until the point when Miss Temple got married. It seems to me that sections of the novel do point to being 'feminist', trying to get men and women on equal terms, whereas some sections are more typical in the way that they represent Jane and a more usual 'Victorian' manner.

Revenge and Downfall Essay -- essays research papers

Yasmin Nunez   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, it is the desire for revenge that lies behind the motives of young Hamlet. His moral struggle towards revenge becomes an obsession leading to a change in character. His actions strongly imply that madness has overcome him. However, there are hints present in the text that implies his madness was feigned in order to achieve his revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediately following the appearance of old King Hamlet’s ghost, Hamlet warns Horatio that he may act mad, which foreshadows a change in Hamlet’s character. The reader is prepared that any abnormal acts may be a result from Hamlet’s acting. As the play continues, more questions are raised that involve his sanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ophelia, who was the first to witness his madness, offered an insight as she described Hamlet’s actions to her father. Hamlet, who was described as being mad, was speechless and only stared into Ophelia’s eyes. The bizarre actions of Hamlet are presumed to be an act, but the strong visualization of the scene can create doubt in a reader’s mind. If Hamlet was feigning his madness, then why would he want to frighten his girlfriend that he cared for so much?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As more events led to the questioning of Hamlet’s sanity, the reader was given a glimpse into the mind of Hamlet in the famous â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. Hamlet’s questions of life and contemplation of suicide revealed h...

Microsoft Swot

Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington that develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing. The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. Microsoft is the world's largest software maker measured by revenues. It is also one of the world's most valuable companies. Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. The company's 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, created an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquir ed Skype Technologies for $8. 5 billion in its largest acquisition to date.  «About Microsoft inc. As of 2012, Microsoft is market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including internet search (with Bing), the video game industry (with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles), the digital services market (through MSN), and mobile phones (via the Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft announced that it would be entering the PC vendor market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface tablet computer.In the 1990s, critics began to contend that Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying, put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U. S. Department of Justice and Eu ropean Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws. Microsoft just lost a world-record to Apple. Microsoft was valued to $619 billion during the last tech bubble in 2000, and the current value of Apple is $623 billion – so Apple currently is the most valuable publicly traded company of all time (If you ignore inflation.IBM was worth $1. 3 trillion in 1967 if you adjust for inflation). Microsoft seems to lose more and more of their market shares to competitors. Google's web-browser Chrome is the largest web-browser – Microsoft Explorer has the second place. Is Microsoft the next large tech company to fall into the graveyard of the old once mighty forgotten companies? To find out, one way is to make a SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis StrengthsWeaknesses †¢Strong brand †¢Increasing research and development investments †¢High financial strength†¢Lack of innovations †¢Bugs †¢No proud users OpportunitiesThreats Windows 8 †¢Xbox 720 †¢New logo†¢Piracy †¢Tablets competition †¢Open source model Strengths †¢Microsoft is the number 1 in the following areas: oXbox 360 – 47 percent of the market before Playstation 3 and Nintendo Wii oOffice – 94 percent of the market  «Microsoft. com » oWindows is the largest operating system in the world – 92 percent of the market before Apple with 6 percent  «Microsoft. com » †¢Microsoft may not always be number 1, but they are number 2: oExplorer is the second largest web-browser – behind Google Chrome oBing is the second largest search engine – behind Google Sometimes you don't have a choice. If you are buying a PC today, you are going to buy it with Microsoft Windows pre-installed. If you are working at a large company, you are going to use Microsoft Office †¢Microsoft is a company with a high financial strength: oDistributes a dividend 4 times each year – currently $0. 23 per share oAre buy ing back shares – the 2012 outstanding shares have decreased by 16. 6 percent since 2006 oRevenues in 2012 have increased to $73,723 million from $44,282 million in 2006 oEarnings per share in 2012 have increased to $2. 72 from $1. in 2006  «Can the once mighty Microsoft rise again?  » Weaknesses †¢Lack of innovation. Microsoft and Facebook both spent about $1 billion. Facebook bought Instagram, and Microsoft bought patents  «Microsoft. com » †¢Lack of innovative company culture. The employees are competing with each other – not with other companies – thanks to the management system inside Microsoft that says that everyone in a group can't be top performers. Each unit is forced to declare a certain percentage of employees as top performers, good performers, average, and poor – no matter how good they are.One of the employees said: â€Å"It was always much less about how I could become a better engineer and much more about my need to imp rove my visibility among other managers. †  «Can the once mighty Microsoft rise again?  » †¢Bugs – Microsoft has a reputation for making software with bugs. Everyone can remember when Bill Gates was going to make a presentation and the famous blue screen appeared. Go and check it out here if you have missed it: YouTube. Have you ever seen a similar presentation by Apple?The problem with creating a software such as Windows is that Windows needs to work with many different computers from different manufacturers. It is easier for Apple to create software without bugs since they are manufacturing their own computers †¢No dedicated users. Apple users loves to show that they are using Apple devices, but who's proud of using a device from Microsoft? Opportunities †¢Next generation products such as Windows 8 and Xbox 720 †¢Microsoft has just changed its corporate logo – and the logo now includes a symbol Threats Microsoft is a PC company while mor e and more people are shifting to mobile and tablets. They are trying their best with Surface – their own tablet. It's hard to compete with Apple today since you also have to compete with iTunes Store with millions of apps. If you create a better iPhone competitor, people are still going to use the iPhone because of all the apps available †¢Open source models: oLibre Office is free and as good as Microsoft Office if you are only using the basic functions oOuya – the open source Android video game console may be a low-cost competitor to the Xbox